Concepts of Programming Languages Chapter 2
Name : Erland
NIM : 1601218035
Lecturer : Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc. (D0206)
Assignment : Concept of programming languages Chapter 2
Name : Erland
NIM : 1601218035
Lecturer : Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir., M.Sc. (D0206)
Assignment : Concept of programming languages Chapter 2
Review Questions
1. In what year was Plankalkul designed? In what
year was that design
published?
Answer
: Plankalkul was designed on 1945 and later on 1972 the design was
published.
2. Mention an
interesting feature of Zuse’s programs.
Answer
: The inclusion of mathematical expressions that can show the
relationships between variables.
3. What does
Plankalkul mean?
Answer
: Plankalkul means high level non-von Neumann programming
language , it was designed by Konrad Zuse.
language , it was designed by Konrad Zuse.
5. What is the
number of bits in a single word of the UNIVAC I’s memory? How
are the bits grouped?
Answer : In UNIVAC I’s memory, the number of the bits is 72,and
it's grouped
as 12 Six-bit bytes.
6.What hardware capability that first
appeared in the IBM 704 computer that
strongly Affect the evolution
of programming languages ?
Answer : The hardware capability that first
appeared in the IBM 704 IS the
inclusion of
floating-point, these hardware capability affect the
evolution of programming languages
because at that time not all
computers has the floating-point
hardware.
7.Who developed the Speedcoding system for the IBM 701?
Answer: The
one who developed the speedcoding system was John Backus.
8. Who developed Short Code? Why is
Short Code called automatic
programming?
Answer : It was developed by John
Mauchly. It's called automatic
programming because it was not
translated to machine code, it was
implemented
with a pure interpreter.
9. Under what environmental consideration
was Fortran developed? Which is the
first version of Fortran?
Answer : FORTRAN was developed
under the environment of :
a.Computers
had small memories and were slow and relatively
unreliable,
b.The primary use of computers was for
scientific computations,
c.There were no existing efficient and
effective ways to program
computers, and
d.because of the high cost of computers
compared to the cost of
programmers, speed
of the generated object code was the primary
goal of the first Fortran compilers.
10. What was the most significant feature added to Fortran I to get
Fortran II?
Answer: The most
significant feature was to become independent compilation
of subroutines.
12. Which
version of Fortran was the first to have any sort of dynamic variables?
Answer : Fortran 90.
13. Which version of Fortran was the first to have character
string handling?
Answer : Fortran 77.
14. Why were linguists interested in artificial intelligence
in the late 1950's?
Answer : Because they were concern with
natural language processing.
17. What dialect of LISP is used for introductory programming
courses at some
universities?
Answer : The dialect that has been used is
Scheme.
18. What two professional organizations together designed ALGOL 60?
Answer : acm & gamm
20. What were modifications to ALGOL 58 to produce ALGOL 60?
Answer : 1. The concept of block
structure was introduced.
2. Two different means of
passing parameters to subprograms were
allowed:pass
by name and pass by value.
3.Procedures were allowed to be recursive.
4. Stack-dynamic arrays were allowed.
23. In what year did
the COBOL design process begin?
Answer: The COBOL design process begin In 1959.
25. What organization
was most responsible for the early success of COBOL?
Answer : Departement of Defense because it sponsored the COBOL
development.
Problem Sets
13.What is the prmary reason why C became more widely used than Fortran ?
Answer : Because C is much more flexible and readable than Fortran.Problem Sets
1. What features of Fortran IV do you think would have had the greatest influence on Java if the Java designer had been familiar with Fortran?
Answer: The logical If construct. Because its very useful to make a selection depends on conditions.
3. Write a short history of the Fortran 0, Fortran I, Fortran II, and Fortran IV systems.
Answer:
The first FORTRAN compiler was a milestone in the history of computing,
at that time computers had very small memories (on the order of 15KB,
it was common then to count memory capacities in bits), they were slow
and had very primitive operating systems (if they had them at all).
At those days it seemed that the only practical way is to program in
assembly language.
FORTRAN II (1958) was a significant improvement, it added the capability
for separate compilation of program modules, assembly language modules
could also be 'linked loaded' with FORTRAN modules.
FORTRAN III (1958) was never released to the public, it made it possible
to use assembly language code right in the middle of FORTRAN code. Such
"inlined" assembly code can be more efficient, but the advantages of an
HLL are lost (e.g. portability, ease of use).
FORTRAN IV (1961) was a 'clean up' of FORTRAN II, improving things
like the implementation of the COMMON and EQUIVALENCE statements,
and eliminating some machine-dependant language irregularities.
A FORTRAN II to FORTRAN IV translator was used to retain backward
compatibility with earlier FORTRAN programs.
On May 1962 another milestone was traversed, an ASA committee started
developing a standard for the FORTRAN language, a very important step
that made it worthwhile for vendors to produce FORTRAN systems for
every new computer, and made FORTRAN an even more popular HLL.
6. Make an educated guess as to the most common syntax error in C programs
Answer : For what i think, the most common syntax error in c programs is caused by semicolon missing and wrong in declaring the variable value.
9. Why, in your opinion, did Fortran allow names that began with I,J,K,L,M, and N as implicitly integer type?
Answer: The choice of the letters for this convention was based on the fact that at that time scientists and engineers used letters as variable subscripts, usually I, J, and K, and then Fortran’s designers threw in the three additional letters.
Answer: The choice of the letters for this convention was based on the fact that at that time scientists and engineers used letters as variable subscripts, usually I, J, and K, and then Fortran’s designers threw in the three additional letters.
10. Outline the major development in ALGOL 60.
Answer :
1. The concept of block structure was introduced.
2. Two different means of passing parameters to subprograms were allowed:
pass by name and pass by value.
pass by name and pass by value.
3.Procedures were allowed to be recursive.
4. Stack-dynamic arrays were allowed.
13.What is the prmary reason why C became more widely used than Fortran ?
15. Are there any nonprocedural programming languages other than Prolog?
Answer : There is another nonprocedural programming languages other than Prolog,
for example Lisp, Scheme, and Miranda.
25. Give a brief general description of the Java Servlet.
Answer :
Java servlet is a Java programming language class used to extend the capabilities of a server. Although servlets can respond to any types of requests, they are commonly used to extend the applications hosted by web servers, so they can be thought of as Java Apllets that run on servers instead of in web browsers
